NCERT Solution for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society भारतीय समाज की जनसांख्यिकिय संरचना
Question 1:
Explain the basic argument of the theory of the demographic transition. Why is the transition period associated with a ‘population explosion’?
प्र० 1. जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण के सिद्धांत के बुनियादी तर्क को स्पष्ट कीजिए। संक्रमण अवधि ‘जनसंख्या विस्फोट’ के साथ क्यों जुड़ी है?
Answer:
Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth.
There are three basic phases of population growth:
Stage I: Primitive Stage [Underdeveloped countries]
•Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward.
•In such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated.
•Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low.
Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low.
Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant.
Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available.
Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low.
Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.
जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण का सिद्धां त यह बताता है कि जनसंख्या वृद्धि आर्थिक विकास के सभी स्तरों से जुड़ी होती है तथा प्रत्येक समाज विकास से संबंधित जनसंख्या वृद्धि के एक निश्चि त स्वरूप का अनुसरण करता है।
जनसंख्या वृद्धि की तीन आधारभूत अवस्थाएँ होती हैं:
प्रथम अवस्था प्रा थमि क अवस्था (अल्प-वि कसि त देश)–
(1) चूँकि ये देश अल्प-विकसि त तथा तकनीकी रूप से पिछड़े होते हैं, अतः समाज में जनसंख्या की वृद्धि कम होती है।
(2) इस तरह के समाजों में, जैसे कि अफ्रीका -जन्म-दर उच्च होती है, क्योंकि लोग छोटे परिवार से होने वाले लाभों से अनभिज्ञ होते हैं। वे शिक्षित नहीं होते।
(3) मृत्यु-दर भी उच्च होती है, क्योंकि स्वास्थ्य तथा चिकित्सा सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध नहीं होतीं । अतएव, जनसंख्या कम होती है।
द्वितीयक अवस्था (विकासशील देश) –
जन्म-दर तथा मृत्यु-दर दोनों का ही स्तर बहुत ऊँचा होता है। विशुद्ध संवृद्धि दर भी निम्न होती है। जन्म-दर ऊँची होती है, क्योंकि इन देशों का समाज पुरुष प्रमुख वाला होता है तथा पुरुष ही यह निर्णय करते हैं कि कितने बच्चे को जन्म दिया जाए। वे बालकों को प्राथमिकता देते हैं। लोग अज्ञानी तथा
अशिक्षित होते हैं। मृत्यु-दर भी उच्च हो ती है, क्योंकि स्वास्थ्य तथा चिकित्सा सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध नहीं होतीं ।
तृतीयक अवस्था (विकसित देश) –
जन्म-दर कम होती है क्योंकि लोग शिक्षि त और जागरूक होते हैं। तथा गर्भ निरोधी उपायों का प्रयोग करते हैं। स्वास्थ्य तथा चिकित्सा सुविधाओं की उपलब्धता के कारण मृत्यु-दर भी कम होती है। अतः जनसंख्या कम हो ती है।
संक्रमण की अवस्था (पिछड़ापन तथा निपुण जनसंख्या के बीच की अवस्था ) – इस अवस्था में जनसंख्या वृद्धि की दर काफी ऊँची होती है, जबकि बेहतर स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं, पोषण तथा आधुनिक चिकित्सा तकनीक के कारण मृत्यु-दर में कमी आती है। इसी कारण से संक्रमण काल जनसंख्या विस्फोट से जुड़ा होता है
Question 2:
Why did Malthus believe that catastrophic events like famines and epidemics that cause mass deaths were inevitable?
प्र० 2. माल्थस का यह विश्वा स क्यों था कि अकाल और महामारी जैसी विनाशकारी घटनाएँ, जो बड़े पैमाने पर मृत्यु का कारण बनती हैं, अपरिहार्य हैं?
Answer:
English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus argued that human population tend to grow at a much faster rates than the rate which the means of human subsistence (land, agriculture) can grow.
He said population rises in geometric progression whereas agricultural production can only grow in Arithmetic progression.
Malthus believed that positive checks to population growth in the form of famines and diseases, was inevitable. These are nature’s way of dealing with the balance between food supply and increasing population.
According to him, these natural checks are extremely painful and difficult. Although it helps to achieve a balance between population and subsistence by increasing the death rate.
अंग्रेज़ राजनीतिक अर्थशास्त्री थामस रॉबर्ट माल्थस का मानना था कि जीवन-निर्वा ह के साधनों (जैसे-भूमि , कृषि ) की तुलना में मानवीय जनसंख्या की वृद्धि की दर तेज़ होती है। उनका कहना था कि जनसंख्या में वृद्धि ज्यामितीय गति से होती है, जबकि कृषि का उत्पादन अंकगणितीय गति से होता है। माल्थस का ऐसा विश्वास था कि जनसंख्या पर नियंत्रण का प्राकृतिक निरोध, जैसे-अकाल, बीमारियाँ इत्यादि अवश्यंभावी हैं। यह खाद्य आपूर्ति तथा
जनसंख्या वृद्धि के बीच संतुलन स्थापि त करने का प्राकृतिक तरीका है। उनके अनुसार, इस तरह के प्राकृतिक निरोध काफी कष्टकारी तथा कठिन होते हैं। यद्यपि यह जनसंख्या तथा आजीविका के बीच संतुलन का काम मृत्यु-दर में बढ़ोतरी के परिणामस्वरूप करता है।
Question 3:
What is meant by ‘birth rate’ and ‘death rate’? Explain why the birth rate in relatively slow to fall while the death rate declines much faster.
प्र० 3. मृत्यु दर और जन्म दर का क्या अर्थ है? कारण स्पष्ट कीजिए कि जन्म दर में गिरावट अपेक्षाकृत धीमी गति से क्यों आती है जबकि मृत्यु-दर बहुत तेजी से गिरती है।
Answer.
Birth rate and death rate are fundamental concepts in Demography.
Birth rate: It refers to the total number of births in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any territorial unit during a specific period.
(1) Crude birth rate in expressed through the following method : B/p x 1000
B = Number of births P = Entire population
(2) It is crude birth rate because it does not include the ratio of bearing age.
(3) Birth rate can be defined as the number of live births per thousand persons in a years.
(4) Birth rate gets significantly affected by Age of marriage, infertility, climatic conditions, social condition, religious beliefs and education.
Death rate: It is the number of deaths per thousands persons in a year in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any other territorial unit.
Causes of slow birth rate:
Birth rate is relatively slow while the death rate can be brought down at much faster rate for the following reasons:
(1) Public health measures and medical advancement can control the death rate immediately. Everybody wants good health and wants to live a long life. Because of the love for life everybody adopts all medical and technological measures with high level of motivation.
(2) Birth rate continues to be high because it is related to attitude, beliefs and values of people. Birth rate is related to religious beliefs and by and large it is socio-cultural phenomena which is significantly slow to change.
जनसांख्यिकीय में जन्म-दर तथा मृत्यु-दर आधारभूत अवधारणाएँ हैं। जन्म-दर से तात्पर्य एक विशेष क्षेत्र में जो एक पूरा देश, राज्य अथवा कोई प्रादेशिक इकाई हो सकता है, एक निर्धारित अवधि के दौरान जन्म लेने वाले बच्चों की कुल संख्या से है।
(1) बच्चे के जन्म-दर को निम्नलिखित विधि से व्यक्त किया जाता है।
\(\frac{B}{b}\) x 100
B = जन्म लेने वा ले बच्चों की संख्या
P= संपूर्ण जनसंख्या
(2) यह एक कच्चा जन्म-दर है, क्योंकि इसमें आयु को व्यक्त करने वाले अनुपात को शामिल नहीं किया गया है।
(3) जन्म-दर को एक वर्ष में प्रति एक हजार व्यक्तियों के पीछे जन्म लेने वालों की संख्या के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है।
(4) जन्म-दर पर उल्लेखनीय रूप से विवाह की आयु, प्रजनन क्षमता , वातावरण की स्थितियों , सामाजिक स्थितियों , धार्मिक विश्वासों तथा शिक्षा का प्रभाव पड़ता है।
मृत्यु-दरसे तात्पर्य एक वि शेष क्षेत्र में, जो एक पूरा देश, राज्य अथवा कोई प्रादेशि क इकाई हो सकता है, प्रति एक हजार व्यक्तियों के पीछे मरने वालों की संख्या से है।
धीमी जन्म-दर का कारण-जन्म-दर सापेक्ष रूप से धीमी हो ती है, जबकि मृत्यु-दर को तेजी से कम किया जा सकता है। इसके निम्नलि खि त का रण हैं
(1) सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य के विभिन्न उपाय तथा चिकित्सकी य प्रगति मृत्यु-दर को तत्काल नियंत्रित कर सकती है। हर को ई अच्छा स्वास्थ्य तथा दीर्घ जीवन चाहता है। जीवन से लगाव होने के कारण प्रत्येक व्यक्ति उच्च श्रेणी की बेहतर चिकित्सा तथा तकनीकी सेवाओं का सहारा लेता है।
(2) जन्म-दर का संबंध चूंकि लोगों की मनोवृत्ति , विश्वास तथा मूल्य से है, इसलिए यह उच्च बना रहता है। जन्मदर का संबंध धार्मिक विश्वास से भी है तथा कुल मिलाकर यह एक सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक परिघटना है, जिसमें काफी धीमी गति से परिवर्तन होता है।
Question 4:
Which states in India have reached or are very near the ‘replacement levels’ of population growth? Which ones still have very high rates of population growth? In your opinion, what could be some of the reasons for these regional differences?
प्र० 4. भारत के कौन-कौन से राज्य जनसंख्या संवृद्धि के प्रतिस्थापन स्तरों ’ को प्राप्त कर चुके हैं अथवा प्राप्ति के बहुत नज़दीक हैं? कौन-से राज्यों में अब भी जनसंख्या संवृद्धि की दरें बहुत ऊँची हैं? आपकी राय में इन क्षेत्रीय अंतरों के क्या कारण हो सकते हैं?
Answer:
Replacement level refers to the rate of growth required for new generations to replace the older ones that are dying out.
Replacement level refers to giving birth to two children that replacement completes. States at the replacement level of population growth: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab.
States very near to the replacement levels of population growth: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and West Bengal.
States having very high rates of population growth: U.P., Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh.
Reasons of regional differences:
•Difference in Literacy Percentage in different states.
•Societal conditions vary in different states. Terrorism, war-like conditions and insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir and North-East.
•Socio-Economic conditions vary in different states.
(i) Number of BPL people is highest among states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha.
(ii) Socio-cultural formation: A belief that more children means more hands to earn or religious beliefs.
Question 5:
What is meant by ‘the age structure’ of the population? Why is it relevant for economic development and growth?
Answer.
•India has a very young population. The average age of an Indian is less than that for most other countries. Majority of Indians are between the age group of 15 and 64 years.
•Age structure of the population refers to the proportions of persons in different age groups relative to the total population.
•Population under the age of 15 has decreased from 42% in 1971 to 31% in 2011. During this period the ratio of age group 15 to 64 was gone up from 53% to 63.7%.
•Age structure in a country changes with development poor medical facilities, prevalence of disease reduce the life expectancy.
•Age structure of population can be put in following age groups:
0-14 years. [Children]
15-59 years. [Working population]
60 + Years. [Old people]
This age structure of the Indian population can be understood by following table.
This table indicates that the share of the under 15 age group in the total population has come down from higher level of 42% in 1971 to 34% in 2001 and it is perfected to be reduced to 23% in 2026. It means birth rate in India is gradually decreasing.
Relevance for economic development and growth:
•Due to the advancement in medical sciences, public health measures and nutrition the life expectancy is at rise. This is due to economic development and growth.
•Need of family planning in being understood. Decrease in 0-14 years age group reveals that National population policy is implemented properly.
•Because of socio-cultural changes in Indian society and economic growth Age structure of population is moving towards positive young India.
•Dependency ratio is decreasing and increase in working population is causing positive growth in Indian economy.
•Economic development and improvement in quality of life improve life expectancy and changes the structures of the population.
•High infant mortality rate and material mortality rate due to poor economic growth hence an adverse effect of age structure on the population.
Question 6:
What is meant by the ‘sex ratio’? What are some of the implications of a declining sex ratio? Do you feel that parents still prefer to have sons rather than daughters? What, in your opinion, could be some of the reasons for this preference?
Answer:.
Sex ratio refers to the number of females per thousand males in a given area at a specified period of time.
•This ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in population.
•Historically there were more females than males in most countries of the world. This phenomena occurred due to two reasons:
(i)Girl babies enjoy better immune system and resistant to diseases in comparison of male child.
(ii)Females live longer than males in most of the societies.
•The ratio between female babies and male babies is roughly 1050 female to 1000 male.
•In India sex ratio is declining significantly and continuously for more than a century. From 972 female per thousand males at the turn of 20th century the sex ratio declined to 933 at the turn of 21st century.
•The state level child sex ratio is alarming. As many as 6 states and union territories have a child sex ratio as low child sex ratio of 793. The highest child sex ratio of 986 is found in Sikkim.
Sex ratio seems to be declining in countries like India, China and South Korea.
In India, parents still prefer male child. This is basically due to social and cultural reasons. Being agricultural society the village population preferred male child to look after the land. The reason of preference of male child is definitely not linked with economic reasons. The states like Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Chandigarh and Maharashtra are most prosperous states of India and should have highest child sex ratio, but things are just different.
The census of 2001 reveals that these are states with the lowest sex ratios i.e., 950 female babies per 1000 male babies. This data is a reliable evidence that selective abortion in these states is not due to poverty, ignorance or lack of resource. Predisposing factors for low child sex ratio in India:
•Religious or Cultural Beliefs: Belief that only son is entitled to perform funeral and related rituals of his parents. Only son is the waaris of family. In the absence of male child jthe.uansli will not continue.
•Economic Reasons: The main occupation of Indian society is agriculture. Villagers have a thinking that landed property cannot be given to girls because after marriage they will go to another village, town or city. Neither girl child can get her share of load nor she can take care of the land.
•Lack of Awareness: People in Indian society having ignorant conservation attitude are still not ready to give equal status to daughter because they think that during old age they will be dependent on the son. Only he will share food, house, customs and responsibilities.
Implications of child sex ratio: Low child sex ratio, if continues, will have serious implications on our social network, particularly the Institution of marriage. It will also cause severe law and order problem related to women.
NCERT Solution for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society भारतीय समाज की जनसांख्यिकिय संरचना
