Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Physical Features of India भारत का भौतिक स्वरूप
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Question 1:
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as
(a) Coast
(b) Island
(c) Peninsula
(d) None of the above.
(i) एक स्थलीय भाग जो तीन ओर से समुद्र से घिरा हो-
(क) थट
(ख) प्रायद्वीप
(ग) द्वीप
(घ) इनमें से कोई नहीं
Answer
(c) Peninsula
(ii) Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundaries with Myanmar are collectively called :
(a) Himachal
(b) Uttaranchal
(c) Purvachal
(d) None of the above
भारत के पूर्वी भाग में म्यांमार की सीमा का निर्धारण करने वाले पर्वतों का सयुंक्त नाम-
(क) हिमाचल
(ख) पूर्वांचल
(ग) उत्तराखंड
(घ) इनमें से कोई नहीं
Answer
(c) Purvachal
(iii) The western coastal strip south of Goa is referred to as
(a) Coromandel
(b) Konkan
(c) Kannad
(d) Northern Circar
गोवा के दक्षिण में स्थित पश्चिम तटीय पट्टी-
(क) कोरोमंडल
(ख) कन्नड
(ग) कोंकण
(घ) उत्तरी सरकार
Answer
(c) Kannad
(iv) The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is
(a) Anai Mudi
(b) Kanchenjunga
(c) Mahendragiri
(d) Khasi
पूर्वी घाट का सर्वोच्च शिखर-
(क) अनाईमुडी
(ख) महेंद्रगिरि
(ग) कंचनजुंगा
(घ) खासी
Answer
(c) Mahendragiri
Question 2:
Answer the following questions briefly:
(i) What are tectonic plates?
(i) भूगर्भीय प्लेटें क्या हैं?
Answer
Large fragments of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle separated due to the convectional currents are called tectonic plates.
पृथ्वी के भूपटल का बड़ा हिस्सा जो कि लगातार उभरती धाराओं के कारण विभाजित हो गया है, उन्हें भूगर्भीय प्लेटें कहते हैं।
(ii) Which continents of today were parts of the Gondwana land?
(ii) आज के कौन से महाद्वीप गोंडवाना लैंड के भाग थे?
Answer
South America, South Africa, part of Asia (India, Arabia, Malaya), Australia and Antarctica continents were parts of the Gondwana land.
साउथ अमेरिका, साउथ अफ्रीका, एशिया का भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप तथा अरब प्रायद्वीप, ऑस्ट्रेलिया और अंटार्कटिका द्वीप गोंडवाना के भाग थे।
(iii) What is bhabar?
(iii) ‘भाबर’ क्या है?
Answer
The Bhabar is that narrow belt of the plain which is covered with pebbles and lies along the foothills of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Tista.
भाबर उत्तरी मैदान का संकरा क्षेत्र है जो कि नदी की धाराओं के साथ नीचे लाए गए कंकड़ों और पत्थरों से बना है। यह क्षेत्र शिवालिक की तलहटी से सटा है।
(iv) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.
(iv) हिमालय के तीन प्रमुख विभागों के नाम उत्तर से दक्षिण के क्रम में बताइए?
Answer
The Great or the Inner Himalayas or the Himadri, the Middle Himalayas or the Himachal, and the Outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks.
महान या आंतरिक हिमालय या हिमाद्रि, हिमाचल या निम्न हिमालय, बाह्य हिमालय या शिवालिक।
(v) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges?
(v) अरावली और विध्यांचल की पहाड़ियों में कौन-सा पठार स्थित है?
Answer
The Malwa plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhya Ranges.
मालवा पठार अरावली और विध्यांचल की पहाड़ियों में स्थित है।
(vi) Name the island group of India having coral origin.
(vi) भारत के उन द्वीपों का नाम बताइए प्रवाल भित्ति के हैं।
Answer
Lakshadweep Islands is the island group of India having coral origin.
दीपों का समूह लक्षद्वीप प्रवाल भित्ति का है।
Question 3:
Distinguish between
(i) Converging and Diverging Tectonic Plates.
(ii) Bhangar and Khadar
(iii) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
3. निम्नलिखित में अंतर् स्पष्ट कीजिए-
(क) अपसारी और अभिसारी भूगर्भीय प्लेटें
(ख) बांगर और खादर
(ग) पूर्वी घाट और पश्चिमी घाट
Answer
(i)
| Converging Tectonic Plates | Diverging Tectonic Plates |
| When tectonic plates move towards each other, they are called converging plates. | When tectonic plates move away from each other, they are called diverging plates. |
| They collide or crumble or one of them slides under the other while moving towards each other. | They do not collide or crumble while moving away from each other. |
| Converging plates cause folds. | Diverging plates cause fractures in the crust. |
(क)
| अपसारी भूगर्भीय प्लेट | अभिसारी भूगर्भीय प्लेट |
| जब प्लेटें एक-दूसरे से दूर जाती हैं तो उन्हें अपसारी भूगर्भीय प्लेटें कहा जाता है। | जब प्लेटें एक-दूसरे के करीब आती हैं तो उन्हें अभिसारी भूगर्भीय प्लेटें कहा जाता है। |
| दूर जाने की स्थिति में प्लेटें एक-दूसरे से टकरातीं या टुकड़ों में नहीं बँटती हैं। | दूर जाने की स्थिति में प्लेटें एक-दूसरे से टकरातीं या टुकड़ों में बँट जातीं हैं। |
| आपसारी प्लेटों के कारण भूपटल पर दरार पड़ जाता है। | अभिसारी प्लेटों के कारण मोड़ पड़ जाता है। |
(ii)
| Bhangar | Khadar |
| These are the older alluvium or old soil and form the largest part of the Northern Plains. | The newer and younger deposits of the flood plains. Renewed every Year. |
| Presents a terrace like feature. | Contains calcerous deposits locally known as Kankar. |
| Less fertile | More fertile |
(ख)
| भांगर | खादर |
| यह पुरानी जलोढ़ मिट्टी है जो उत्तरी मैदान के विशालतम भाग को बनाती है। | बाढ़ वाले मैदानों के नए तथा युवा निक्षेप जिनका लगभग प्रत्येक वर्ष पुननिर्माण होता है। |
| नदियों के बाढ़ वाले मैदान के ऊपर स्थित हैं। | नदियों के निचले हिस्से में स्थित हैं। |
| वेदिका जैसी आकृति प्रदर्शित करते हैं। | मृदा में चूनेदार निक्षेप पाए जाते हैं, जिसे स्थानीय भाषा में कंकड़ कहा जाता है। |
| कम उपजाऊ | ज्यादा उपजाऊ |
(iii)
| Western Ghats | Eastern Ghats |
| Mark the western edge of the Deccan Plateau | Mark the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau |
| Continuous, can be crossed through the passes only. | Discontinuous, irregular and dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal. |
| Higher; average elevation is 900−1600 meters | Lower; average elevation is 600 meters |
| It experiences orographic rain mostly in summer due to the summer monsoons. The climate is hot and moist. | It receives rain mostly in winter through North-eastern monsoon. However, here the rain is lesser than the western strip. |
| Soil is highly fertile. Rice, spices, rubber and fruits like coconuts, cashew nuts etc. are grown | Soil is not as fertile as western ghats. Rice, ground nuts, cotton, tobacco, coconuts etc. are grown |
(ग)
| पश्चिमी घाट | पूर्वी घाट |
| दक्षिण के पठार के पश्चिमी सिरे पर स्थित है। | दक्षिण के पठार के पूर्वी सिरे पर स्थित है। |
| सतत् है और केवल दर्रों के द्वारा ही पार किया जा सकता है। | सतत् नहीं है, अनियमित हैं एवं बंगाल की खाड़ी में गिरने वाली नदियों ने इनको काट दिया है। |
| पूर्वी घाटी के अपेक्षा ऊँचे हैं, इनकी औसत ऊँचाई 900 से 1600 मीटर है। | पश्चिमी घाटी के अपेक्षा छोटे हैं, इनकी औसत ऊँचाई 600 मीटर है। |
| पश्चिमी घाटी में पर्वतीय वर्षा होती है जो घाट के पश्चिमी ढाल पर आद्र हवा के टकराकर ऊपर उठने के कारण होती है। | यह ज्यादातर वर्षा ठंड के मौसम के समय में उत्तर-पूर्वी मानसून द्वारा प्राप्त करती हैं। पश्चिमी घाटी के अपेक्षा यहाँ कम वर्षा होती है। |
| मिट्टी ज्यादा उपजाऊ होती है। | पश्चिमी घाट के अपेक्षा मिट्टी कम उपजाऊ होती है। |
Question 4:
Describe how the Himalayas were formed.
Answer
According to the Theory of Plate Tectonics, the Earth’s crust was initially a single, giant super-continent called Pangea. Gradually, Pangea began to split into a number of pieces due to convectional currents and formed Angaraland and Gondwanaland. Angaraland is the Eurasian land mass and Gondwanaland included India, Australia, S. Africa and S. America as one single land mass. The Indo-Australian plate separated from the Gondwana land due to convectional currents and drifted towards north. Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosyncline known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.
Question 5:
Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular Plateau.
Answer
The major physiography divisions of India are :
(i) The Himalayan Mountains
(ii) The Northern Plains
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands
| The Himalayan Region | The Peninsular Plateau |
| Young fold mountains made from the uplift of the strata formed by the sedimentary rocks. | Ancient landmass created after splitting of Gondwanaland. |
| Consists of the loftiest mountains and deep valleys | Consists of broad and shallow valleys, and rounded hills |
| Composed of sedimentary rocks. | Composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. |
| It is the origin of perennial rivers. | It has rainfed, seasonal rivers. |
| From the point of view of geology, this region forms an unstable zone | This region forms a stable zone |
Question 6:
Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.
Answer
The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil which is suitable for agriculture. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain is a densely populated physiographic division. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections, Punjab Plains, Ganga Plains and Brahpmputra plains. According to the variations in relief features, the Northern plains can be divided into four regions. Bhabar, a narrow belt of pebbles which lie at the foot of Shivaliks. Terai, lie next to Bhabar which a wet and marshy area with wildlife and forests. Bhangar is made up of older alluvium plain which rises above the level of the flood plains. Khadar is a younger alluvium of the flood plains.
Question 7:
Write short notes on the following.
(i) The Indian Desert
(ii) The Central Highlands
(iii) The Island groups of India
Answer
(i) The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes called barchans. This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetation cover. Streams appear during the rainy season. Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have enough water to reach the sea. Luni is the only large river in this region.
(ii) The part of the peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada River covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south and the Aravali range on the northwest. The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar River.
(iii) India has two main island groups, namely Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar island. The Lakshadweep consists of many small islands located opposite the Kerala coast in the Arabian Sea. The islands of this group are formed of coral deposits. It covers small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on the other hand, are larger in size. They are more in number and more widely scattered. These islands are an elevated portion of submarine mountains.
Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Physical Features of India
