NCERT Solutions for Class 9 SST Chapter 4 Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation
Table of Contents
Page No. 61 -The Big Questions
Question 1:
How did humans live on Earth before the beginning of civilisation?
प्रश्न 1. सभ्यता की शुरुआत से पहले मनुष्य पृथ्वी पर कैसे रहते थे?
Answer
Before civilisation, humans lived as hunters and gatherers. They moved from one place to another in search of food, water, and shelter. They lived in caves or temporary huts, used simple stone tools, hunted animals, and collected fruits and roots. Gradually, they learned farming and settled in villages.
सभ्यता के आरम्भ से पहले मनुष्य शिकारी और भोजन-संग्रहकर्ता के रूप में जीवन बिताता था। वह भोजन, पानी और आश्रय की खोज में एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर घूमता था। वे गुफाओं या अस्थायी झोपड़ियों में रहते थे, पत्थर के औजारों का उपयोग करते थे तथा धीरे-धीरे खेती सीखकर स्थायी बस्तियाँ बसाने लगे।
Question 2:
How did humans communicate before writing was invented?
प्रश्न 2. लेखन के आविष्कार से पहले मनुष्य आपस में कैसे संवाद करते थे?
Answer
Before writing was invented, humans communicated through spoken language, gestures, facial expressions, and symbols. They also used cave paintings and rock art to express ideas, share experiences, and record important events. These methods helped them exchange knowledge and preserve traditions.
लेखन के आविष्कार से पहले मनुष्य बोलकर, संकेतों, हाव-भाव और प्रतीकों के माध्यम से संवाद करता था। वे गुफाओं और चट्टानों पर चित्र बनाकर अपने विचार, अनुभव तथा महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं को व्यक्त करते थे। इन माध्यमों से वे ज्ञान और परम्पराओं का आदान-प्रदान करते थे।
Question 3:
How is archaeology helpful in understanding our past?
प्रश्न 3. हमारे अतीत को समझने में पुरातत्त्व कैसे सहायक है?
Answer
Archaeology helps us understand the past by studying ancient objects, tools, pottery, buildings, bones, and inscriptions. These remains provide evidence about the lifestyle, culture, economy, religion, and technology of early humans and civilisations. It helps historians reconstruct human history accurately.
पुरातत्त्व हमें प्राचीन वस्तुओं, औजारों, मिट्टी के बर्तनों, भवनों, हड्डियों और अभिलेखों का अध्ययन करके अतीत को समझने में सहायता करता है। इन अवशेषों से प्रारम्भिक मानव और सभ्यताओं के जीवन, संस्कृति, अर्थव्यवस्था, धर्म तथा तकनीक की जानकारी मिलती है और इतिहास को सही रूप में समझा जा सकता है।
Question 4:
How did early civilisations interact with each other?
प्रश्न 4. प्रारम्भिक सभ्यताएँ एक-दूसरे के साथ कैसे संपर्क स्थापित करती थीं?
Answer
Early civilisations interacted through trade, travel, migration, and cultural exchanges. They exchanged goods, ideas, technologies, religious beliefs, and artistic practices. Rivers, land routes, and sea routes connected different regions, promoting cooperation and the spread of knowledge among civilisations.
प्रारम्भिक सभ्यताएँ व्यापार, यात्रा, प्रवासन तथा सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान के माध्यम से एक-दूसरे से जुड़ी थीं। वे वस्तुओं, विचारों, तकनीकों, धार्मिक मान्यताओं और कला का आदान-प्रदान करती थीं। नदियाँ, स्थल मार्ग और समुद्री मार्ग विभिन्न क्षेत्रों को जोड़ते थे तथा ज्ञान और संस्कृति के प्रसार में सहायक थे।
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 SST Chapter 4 Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation
Page No. 77 – THINK ABOUT IT
Question 1:
Why were rivers important in the growth of early civilisations?
प्रश्न. प्रारम्भिक सभ्यताओं के विकास में नदियाँ क्यों महत्वपूर्ण थीं?
Answer
Rivers were important because they provided water for drinking, farming, and daily needs. Their fertile soil helped grow crops, while rivers also served as routes for transport and trade. They supported fishing and made it easier for people to settle, leading to the growth of prosperous civilisations.
नदियाँ प्रारम्भिक सभ्यताओं के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण थीं क्योंकि वे पीने, खेती और दैनिक आवश्यकताओं के लिए जल उपलब्ध कराती थीं। उनकी उपजाऊ मिट्टी फसलों की अच्छी पैदावार में सहायक थी। नदियाँ परिवहन और व्यापार का माध्यम भी थीं तथा मछली पकड़ने में मदद करती थीं। इन कारणों से लोग स्थायी रूप से बस सके और समृद्ध सभ्यताओं का विकास हुआ।
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 SST Chapter 4 Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation
Page No. 93 – Questions and activities
Question 1:
Do you think life became easier or more challenging after humans started farming? Give two reasons for your answer.
Question 2:
The environment offers human societies both opportunities as well as challenges. Explain with reference to early farming communities and river-valley civilisations.
Question 3:
Why do historians divide early human history into different ages such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age? What does this classification tell us about human progress?
Question 4:
Imagine you are a Neolithic farmer. Describe one day of your life. What challenges would you face that a hunter-gatherer would not?
Question 5:
Imagine that the Harappan script gets deciphered tomorrow. What new types of information do you think historians might learn?
Question 6:
Prepare a table with three columns—Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic—and fill in their distinctive features: tools, settlements, art, and subsistence.
Question 7:
“Bronze Age civilisations developed independently but shared common features.” Examine this statement with reference to the civilisations given in the chapter.
Question 8:
Although rivers provided many benefits, they also created challenges for early societies. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of settling near rivers.
Question 9:
With the help of your teacher, find out more about the Code of Hammurabi. Why was it important? Do you think it was fair to all sections of society? Give reasons for your answer.
Question 10:
If you had to choose one major innovation from early civilisations that changed the world permanently, what would it be and why?
Question 11:
Compare the social hierarchy and daily life of people in the Egyptian civilisation with those in Mesopotamia or China. What similarities and differences do you notice?
Question 12:
Activity: Using maps, locate the major rivers and civilisations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and the Sindhu–Sarasvatī Valley. Mark the trade links between them.
Question 13:
Activity: Choose one early civilisation (Mesopotamia, Egypt, or China) and prepare a mini-scrapbook or a presentation showing their innovations in tools, writing, art, and architecture. Include pictures, brief descriptions, and explain their significance.
